From birth to pregnancy: Essential vaccines you shouldn't miss

Vaccination plays a crucial role in protecting both children and pregnant women from serious and sometimes life-threatening infections. From the moment a child is born, their immune system is still developing, making them more vulnerable to diseases.

Similarly, during pregnancy, a woman’s body undergoes changes that can make certain infections more dangerous for both the mother and the unborn baby.

While the body has natural ways to fight infections, vaccines act as a training system for the immune system. They help the body recognise harmful germs and build protection without actually causing the disease.

This not only protects the individual but also reduces the spread of infections in the community.

WHY VACCINES ARE IMPORTANT AFTER BIRTH

After birth, babies are exposed to a wide range of infections. Their immune system is still immature, which makes early vaccination critical. The first set of vaccines focusses on preventing highly infectious and potentially deadly diseases such as hepatitis B, polio, and rotavirus.

As the baby grows, more vaccines are introduced during the first year. These include protection against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). In many cases, combination vaccines are used to reduce the number of injections a child needs.

Respiratory infections are also a major concern in infants. Vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal diseases help prevent serious illnesses like pneumonia and meningitis.

VACCINES AFTER THE FIRST YEAR

Once a child turns one, the focus shifts to viral infections. The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella—diseases that were once considered common but can lead to serious complications.

For example, rubella infection during pregnancy can harm the unborn baby, leading to birth defects such as hearing loss or brain damage. Vaccinating children helps prevent the spread of such infections.

The varicella (chickenpox) vaccine is another important addition. It has turned what was once considered a routine childhood illness into a preventable disease and also reduces the risk of shingles later in life.

VACCINATION IS NOT JUST PERSONAL, BUT PUBLIC HEALTH

Vaccination does not only protect the person receiving it—it also protects the community. When a large number of people are vaccinated, it becomes harder for diseases to spread. This is especially important for those who cannot receive vaccines due to medical conditions like allergies or weakened immunity.

Regular visits to a paediatrician ensure that no vaccine dose is missed. If any doses are delayed, catch-up vaccination can help maintain protection. Seasonal vaccines like the flu shot can also prevent complications that may lead to hospitalisation.

WHAT VACCINES ARE IMPORTANT DURING PREGNANCY

According to Dr Harini Sreedharan, Consultant - Paediatrician & Neonatologist, Motherhood Hospitals, Sarjapur, Bangalore, and Dr Meghana Reddy Jetty, Senior Consultant - Obstetrics, Gynecology, Laparoscopy and Aesthetic Gynecology, Aster Whitefield Hospital, vaccination is equally important during pregnancy as it protects both the mother and the baby.

Certain vaccines are specifically recommended during pregnancy:

• Tetanus toxoid (TT): Protects both mother and newborn from tetanus, a serious bacterial infection.
• Influenza (flu vaccine): Helps prevent severe respiratory illness, especially during flu season.
• Tdap vaccine: Given during the third trimester, it protects newborns from pertussis (whooping cough) in the early months of life.

These vaccines not only keep the mother safe but also pass on protective antibodies to the baby, offering early-life immunity.

ADDRESSING VACCINE HESITANCY

Despite strong scientific evidence, some people still hesitate to vaccinate due to safety concerns. However, experts stress that vaccines go through multiple stages of testing and strict evaluation before being approved. They are continuously monitored for safety and effectiveness.

Delaying or refusing vaccines can leave children vulnerable during critical stages of immune development. Doctors recommend following the immunisation schedule and opting for booster doses when required to maintain long-term protection.

Vaccination is one of the most effective tools in modern medicine. It protects individuals, safeguards communities, and ensures healthier futures for the next generation.

Whether it is a newborn child or a pregnant woman, staying up to date with recommended vaccines can prevent serious illnesses and save lives.

Regular consultation with healthcare providers can help parents and expectant mothers stay on track and make informed decisions about immunisation.